Quantitative Aptitude Important Formulas

H.C.F and L.C.M - Important Formulas,Tricks and Examples

Factors and Multiples: If a number x divides another number y exactly, we say that x is a factor of y. Also y is called a multiple of x.

Highest Common Factor (HCF)
The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divides each one of them exactly. There are two methods for determining H.C.F.:

Prime factorization method
Step 1: Express each number as a product of prime factors.
Step 2: HCF is the product of all common prime factors using the least power of each common prime factor

Division Method
Step 1: Write the given numbers in a horizontal line separated by commas.
Step 2: Divide the given numbers by the smallest prime number (write in the left side) which can exactly divide all the given numbers.
Step 3: Write the quotients in a line below the first.
Step 4: Repeat the process until we reach a stage where no common prime factor exists for all the numbers.
Step 5: We can see that the factors mentioned in the left side clearly divides all the numbers exactly and they are common prime factors. Their product is the HCF


Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)
The L.C.M. of two or more than two numbers is the least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers.

Prime factorization method
Step 1 : Express each number as a product of prime factors.
Step 2 : LCM is The product of highest powers of all prime factors.

Division Method
Step 1: Write the given numbers in a horizontal line separated by commas.
Step 2: Divide the given numbers by the smallest prime number which can exactly divide at least two of the given numbers.
Step 3: Write the quotients and undivided numbers in a line below the first.
Step 4: Repeat the process until we reach a stage where no prime factor is common to any two numbers in the row.
Step 5: LCM is The product of all the divisors and the numbers in the last line.

HCF and LCM of Fractions
LCM of fractions =LCM of Numerators/HCF of Denominators
HCF of fractions =HCF of Numerators/LCM of Denominators

Note:
Product of two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM.

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Numbers - Important Formulas,Tricks and Examples

The common number system is decimal number system.
The Decimal number system used base (or radix) as 10 . This means that the system has ten symbols or numerals to represent any quantity. These symbols are called Digits and they are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Types of Numbers

Natural Numbers:The numbers that are used for counting called Natural Numbers.These are infinite and start from the number 1 .
Ex : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ........

Whole numbers:The whole numbers are just all the natural numbers plus zero.
Ex : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 .............

Integers: Integers incorporate all positive and negative numbers with zero.
Ex : .... –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .....

Even Numbers: An even number is one that can be divided evenly by two leaving no remainder, such as 2, 4, 6, and 8.

Odd Numbers: An odd number is one that does not divide evenly by two, such as 1, 3, 5, and 7.

Rational Numbers: All numbers of the form p/q where p and q are integers (q ≠ 0) called Rational numbers.
Ex : 4, 3/4, 0, ….

Irrational Numbers: Irrational numbers are the opposite of rational numbers. An irrational number cannot be written as a fraction as p/q where a and b are integers.
the decimal values for irrational numbers never end and do not have a repeating pattern in them.please note ‘pi’ has never ending decimal places, is irrational.
Ex : pi, 2^1/2 , 3^1/2, 5^1/2 , 7^1/2 ..........

Real numbers: Real numbers include counting numbers, whole numbers, integers, rational numbers and irrational numbers.
Ex : 8, 6, 2, (3)^1/2 , 3/5 etc.

Prime Number: A prime number is a number which can be divided only by 1 and itself. The prime number has only two factors, 1 and itself.
Ex : 2, 3, 7, 11, 13, 17, …. are prime numbers.

Composite Number: A Composite Number is a number which can be divided evenly. Any composite number has additional factors than 1 and itself.
Ex : 4, 6, 8, 9, 10 …..

Co-primes or Relatively prime numbers: A pair of numbers not having any common factors other than 1 or –1. (Or alternatively their greatest common factor is 1 or –1)
Ex : 15 and 28 are co-prime, because the factors of 15 (1,3,5,15) , and the factors of 28 (1,2,4,7,14,28) are not in common (except for 1) .

Twin Primes: A pair of prime numbers is said to be twin primes if they differ by 2.
Ex : (3,5) , (5,7) , (11,13) , …

Algebra

(a+b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a-b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2

(a+b)2 - (a-b)2 = 4ab
(a+b)2 + (a-b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2)

a2-b2 = (a-b)(a+b)

(a+b)3 = a3+b3+3ab(a+b) = a3+b3+3a2b+3ab2
(a-b)3 = a3-b3-3ab(a-b) = a3-b3-3a2b+3ab2

a3+b3 =(a+b)3-3ab(a+b) = (a+b)(a2-ab+b2)
a3-b3 =(a-b)3+3ab(a-b) = (a-b)(a2+ab+b2)

Test of Divisibility

Divisibility By 2 : A number is divisible by 2, if its unit's digit is zero or even (2, 4, 6, 8..).

Divisibility By 3 : A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its digits is divisible by 3.

Divisibility By 4 : A number is divisible by 4, if the number formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4.

Divisibility By 5 : A number is divisible by 5, if its unit's digit is either 0 or 5.

Divisibility By 6 : A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.

Divisibility By 8 : A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the last three digits of the given number is divisible by 8.

Divisibility By 9 : A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of its digits is divisible
by 9.

Divisibility By 10 : A number is divisible by 10, if it ends with 0.

Divisibility By 11 : A number is divisible by 11, if the difference of the sum of its digits at odd places and the sum of its digits at even places, is either 0 or a number divisible by 11.

Divisibility By 12: A number is divisible By 12 if the number is divisible By both 4 and 3.

Divisibility By 13: A number is divisible By 13 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied By 4 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible By 13.

Divisibility By 14: A number is divisible By 14 if the number is divisible By both 2 and 7.

Divisibility By 15: A number is divisible By 15 if the number is divisible By both 3 and 5.

Divisibility By 16: A number is divisible By 16 if its last 4 digits is divisible By 16 or if the last four digits are zeros.

Divisibility By 17: A number is divisible By 17 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied By 5 and subtracted from the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible By 17.

Divisibility By 18: A number is divisible By 18 if the number is divisible By both 2 and 9.

Divisibility By 19: A number is divisible By 19 if its unit’s place digit is multiplied By 2 and added to the remaining digits and the number obtained is divisible By 19.

Divisibility By 20: A number is divisible by 20 if it is divisible by 10 and the tens digit is even.

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