General Computer Knowledge

In November 2007, The supercomputer 'EKA', which means number one in Sanskrit built by the Computational Research Laboratories (a subsidiary of Tata Sons) with technical assistance and hardware provided by Hewlett-Packard.

Supercomputers are primarily used by universities, military and scientific research labs. They are used in high calculation-intensive jobs like quantum physics, weather and climate research, study of chemical compounds, simulation of aircraft in wind tunnels and detonation of nuclear weapons.

PARAM 8000 is considered India’s first supercomputer. It was built by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) with Russian collaboration.

Supercomputers was first introduced in the 1960s and designed primarily by Seymour Cray at the Control Data Corp (CDC).

In the binary system (using base 2)
1 byte = 8 bits
1 kilobyte (K / KB) = 2¹⁰ bytes = 1,024 bytes
1 megabyte (M / MB) = 2²⁰ bytes = 1,048,576 bytes
1 gigabyte (G / GB) = 2³⁰ bytes = 1,073,741,824 bytes
1 terabyte (T / TB) = 2⁴⁰ bytes = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes
1 petabyte (P / PB) = 2⁵⁰ bytes = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes
1 exabyte (E / EB) = 2⁶⁰ bytes = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes

The languages used to give instructions to computers are called programming language. There are 4 different generations of programming languages are available.

First Generation Language (1GL)
The first generations of programming languages are also known as machine language or low-level language.
In the first generation language, the instructions are written in the form of binary i.e. 0 and 1 which is very difficult to understand. The first generation programming language doesn’t require any translator or converter to run the codes by machine. The codes are very fast and efficient but is tedious to write and is brittle to changes.The code can not ported to other systems and needs to be rewritten.

Second Generation Languages ​​(2GL)
It is also known as the assembly language. in the second generation language ,the instructions are written in the form of mnemonics codes to simplify the program. To execute these instructions, all mnemonics are converted into machine language with the help of a translator known as the assembler.
The program written using mnemonics is called source program .It is easier to read and write as compared to machine code.
2GL source code is not portable across processors or processing environments.The code cannot be ported to other system and it needs to be rewritten.

Third generation languages ​​(3GL)
The third generation programming languages are also known as high-level languages. In the third generations of programming languages, English language with symbols and digits are used to write programs. In order to execute the instructions or programs written in third generation language, the source program is to be translated into the machine language that done by the compiler or interpreter.
Basic, Fortran, Cobol, C, C ++, Java, Python are examples of of third generation programming languages.
High-level programs ​​can be platform independent, which means code written for one system will work on the other.

Fourth generation languages ​​(4GL)
The fourth generations of programming languages are languages that contain statements similar to a human language. Fourth-generation languages are designed to help reduce the programming effort for software development.

This languages ​​are designed keeping in mind a specific purpose, which are mostly written in high-level languages ​​such as C, C ++, JAVA, Python.
In which a user can perform a task without writing any programs and only need to enter the command that calls the specific program available in the package.

Queries (SQL), CSS, reports (Oracle Reports), User Interface (XUL), MS Word, PageMaker, AutoCAD etc are some of the most commonly used fourth-generation packages.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a network protocol used to find out the physical machine address(MAC) of a device from an Internet Protocol address (IP address).

NCSA Mosaic was released in 1993 by Marc Andreessen and Eric Bina. The NCSA Mosaic was neither the first web browser (first was the WorldWideWeb of Berners-Lee, which was released in 1990) nor the first graphical web browser (it was preceded by the lesser-known Erwise and ViolaWWW,which was released in 1992), But this was the first web browser credited to popularize the World Wide Web.

Digitisation is the process of converting information from a physical format like text, images or voices and sounds into a digital format such as binary code.

A file with the .mpeg (or .mpg) file extension is an MPEG video file format.

The MPEG standards are an evolving set of standards for video and audio compression developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG).

Bus topology is a specific kind of network topology in which each computer and network device are connected to a single cable or backbone.

A modem (modulator-demodulator),device that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. While Full-duplex data transmission means that data can be transmitted in both directions on a signal carrier at the same time.

Each webpage can be accessed with its own individual Uniform Resource Locator (URL) on internet. A URL is made up of several part, all of which have their own functions.
The parts are-
Protocol to be used to access the resource on the Internet.
Host that holds the resource.
A path/folder location.
File name and extension.

ASCII abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, developed by American National Standards Institute (ANSI), is a character encoding standard for electronic communication.

ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Most modern character-encoding schemes are based on ASCII, although they support many additional characters

An integrated circuit or Computer chips are made of semiconducting material, such as silicon. ICs can contain hundreds of thousands of individual transistors on a single piece of material the size of a pea.

The Internet of Things(IOT) is not a single technology, it's a concept that describes the idea of everyday physical objects being connected to the internet.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a transport layer protocol that provides a connection-oriented, reliable service for applications. A connection-oriented protocol establishes a connection, manages data transfer, and terminates the connection.

VPN is an acronym for “virtual private network”. It works by encrypting your internet traffic and protecting your identity online.